Chinese (Mainland) teachers’ views of effective mathematics teaching and learning

This study investigates Chinese teachers’ cultural beliefs concerning effective mathematics teaching through semi-structured interview with nine experienced teachers. For the Chinese teachers, an effective teacher should always be passionate and committed to the teaching profession. She should not only understand the knowledge in the textbook thoroughly but also be able to carefully craft the knowledge from the textbook for teaching by predicting possible students’ difficulties. Although Chinese teachers emphasize student participation and flexible teaching, they tend to see the teacher’s ability to design and lead coherent lessons as the key for facilitating students’ understanding. The result of this study helps researchers and educators understand the teacher-designed and content-oriented teaching model in Chinese classrooms.     

Synthesis of optically active poly(N‐propargylsulfamides) with helical conformation

A novel chiral N‐propargylsulfamide monomer ( 1a ) and its enantiomer ( 1b ) were synthesized and polymerized with (nbd)Rh⁺B^?(C₆H₅)₄ as a catalyst providing poly(1) (poly( 1a ) and poly( 1b )) in high yields (≥99%). Poly(1) could take stable helices in less polar solvents (chloroform and THF), demonstrated by strong circular dichroism signals and UV–vis absorption peaks at about 415 nm and the large specific rotations; but in more polar solvents including DMF and DMSO, poly(1) failed to form helix. Quantitative evaluation with anisotropy factor showed that the helical screw sense had a relatively high thermal stability. These results together with the IR spectra measured in solvents showed that hydrogen bonding between the neighboring sulfamide groups is one of the main driving forces for poly(1) to adopt stable helices. In addition, copolymerization of monomer 1a and monomer 2 was conducted, the solubility of poly(1) was improved drastically. However, the copolymerization had adverse effects on the formation of stable helices in the copolymers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 500–508, 2007     

原子力显微术轻敲模式中探针样品接触过程及相位衬度研究

借助简单的有阻尼受迫振子模型，研究了原子力显微术轻敲模式中探针与样品接触时间t_c、样品的表面形变D_z和相位衬度对探针设置高度z_c及样品杨氏模量E_s的依赖关系.结果发现,t_c与D_z均随E_s及z_c的增大而减小，同时探针与样品作用过程伴随很小的能量耗散.对轻敲过程中相移量φ的研究表明，E_s较大的样品有较小的φ，且φ随 关键词： 原子力显微术 轻敲模式 相位衬度     

Synthesis of grafted poly(p‐phenyleneethynylene) with energy donor–acceptor architecture via atom transfer radical polymerization: Towards nonaggregating and hole‐facilitating light‐emitting material

In this contribution, we demonstrate a new effective methodology for constructing highly efficient and durable poly(p‐phenyleneethynylene) (PPE) containing emissive material with nonaggregating and hole‐facilitating properties through the introduction of hole‐transporting blocks into the PPE system as the grafting coils as well as building the energy donor–acceptor architecture between the grafting coils and the PPE backbone. Poly(2‐(carbazol‐9‐yl)ethyl methacrylate) (PCzEMA), herein, is chosen as the hole‐transporting blocks, and incorporated into the PPE system as the grafting coils via atom transfer radical polymerization. The chemical structure of the resultant copolymer, PPE‐g‐PCzEMA, was characterized by NMR and gel permeation chromatography, showing that the desirable copolymer was obtained with the narrow polydispersity. The increased thermal stability of PPE‐g‐PCzEMA was confirmed by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry along with its macroinitiator. The optoelectronic properties of this copolymer were studied in detail by ultraviolet‐visible absorption, photoluminescence emission and excitation spectra, and cyclic voltammogram (CV). The results indicate that PPE‐g‐PCzEMA exhibits the solid‐state luminescent property dominated by individual lumophores, and also the energy transfer process from the PCzEMA blocks to the PPE backbone with a relatively higher energy transfer efficiency in the solid‐state compared to that of the solution state. Additionally, the hole‐injection property is greatly facilitated due to the presence of PCzEMA, as confirmed by CV profiles. All these data indicate that PPE‐g‐PCzEMA is a good candidate for use in optoelectronic devices. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 3776–3787, 2007     

Synthesis and nuclear magnetic resonance analysis of starch‐g‐poly(1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one) copolymers

A new biodegradable starch graft copolymer, starch‐g‐poly(1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one), was synthesized through the ring‐opening graft polymerization of 1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one onto a starch backbone. The grafting reactions were conducted with various 1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one/starch feed ratios to obtain starch‐g‐poly(1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one) copolymers with various poly(1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one) graft structures. The microstructure of starch‐g‐poly(1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one) was characterized in detail with one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR spectroscopy. The effect of the feed composition on the resulting microstructure of starch‐g‐poly(1,4‐dioxan‐2‐one) was investigated. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3417–3422, 2004     

一种新型有机电致微腔结构的双模发射

采用结构Glass／DBR／ITO／NPB／NPB：Alq／Alq／Al制作了有机微腔电致发光器件。将空穴传输材料与发光材料以一定比例混合作为发光层，为了便于对比，在不改变有机层的膜厚的情况下同时制作了传统的异质结微腔器件，发现两种器件的发光光谱有很大不同，器件的复合效率与传统的异质结器件相比也得到了很大提高，这是因为将两种有机材料混合能消除界面势垒，提高器件的复合效率，从而提高了器件的发光性能，实现了微腔双模发射，且两个模式的半峰全宽分别为8nm和12nm。通过进一步优化器件结构可以实现微腔白光发射。     

Hydroxyapatite coating on porous silicon substrate obtained by precipitation process

Hydroxyapatite Ca₁₀(PO₄)₆(OH)₂ (HAP) is known as a bioactive and biocompatible material, HAP coatings were used to improve the biocompatible of substrate by many researcher, In this work, HAP thin films on porous silicon (PS) substrates have been prepared by aqueous precipitation method with rapid thermal annealing (RTA) processes. The HAP films had been prepared under the annealing temperature ranging from 300 to 1000 °C. By the measurement of X-ray diffraction (XRD), it was found that for the crystallinity optimization, the heat-treatment at 850–950 °C for 1 h would be favorable. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements reveal a dense and smooth surface of the HAP film, and tightly adherence of the coating on porous silicon substrate after sintered. Thus, by this method, porous silicon could be increased its bioactivity and so that could be used in the biomedical area.     

Shape-controlled synthesis of nanocrystalline titania at low temperature

The interesting shape (shuttle-like, sphere with needles, uniform particles) rutile titania were prepared by the hydrolysis of TiCl₄ in high acidic aqueous solution in the absence or presence of PEG-1000. PEG-1000 acted as dispersant, which could control the shape and size of the precipitate of titania. As a result, shuttle-like nanocrystalline appeared and the aggregation was improved with the increase of the amount of acid and the decrease of the concentration of TiCl₄ in the absence of PEG-1000. Uniform nanoparticles were obtained in the presence of PEG-1000 and the diameter of the particles decreased with increasing the amount of PEG-1000. This process simplification will lower production cost and make continuous process possible. The products were analyzed using X-ray diffractometer, transmission electron microscopy.     

Cluster and periodic DFT calculations of adsorption and activation of CO2 on the Cu(hkl) surfaces

The adsorption behavior and thermal activation of carbon dioxide on the Cu(1 1 1), Cu(1 0 0), and Cu(1 1 0) surfaces have been investigated by means of density functional theory calculations and cluster models and periodic slabs. According to the cluster models, the optimized results indicate that the basis set of C and O atoms has a distinct effect on the adsorption energy, but an indistinct one on the equilibrium geometry. For the CO₂/Cu(hkl) adsorption systems studied here, the final structure of adsorbed CO₂ is near linear and the preferred modes for the adsorption of CO₂ onto the Cu(1 1 1), Cu(1 0 0), and Cu(1 1 0) surfaces are the side-on adsorption at the cross bridge site with an adsorption energy of 13.06 kJ/mol, the side-on adsorption at the short bridge site (13.54 kJ/mol), and the end-on adsorption on the on-top site with C–O bonds located along the short bridge site (26.01 kJ/mol), respectively. However, the calculated adsorption energies from periodic slabs are lower as compared to the experimental data as well as the cluster model data, indicating that the periodic slab approach of generalized gradient approximation in the density function theory may be not suitable to obtain quantitative information on the interaction of CO₂ with Cu(hkl) surfaces.     

光纤加速度传感器研究进展

光纤加速度传感器与传统加速度传感器相比，不但能抗电磁干扰，而且体小、质轻、动态范围宽、精度高、能在恶劣环境下工作，因此受到各先进国家军事与商业领域的极大重视，各种实用的光纤加速度传感器不断涌现。主要有光强调制型和相位调制型两大类。光强调制式有反射式、透射式和偏振式等等。相位调制式有Ｍａｃｈ－Ｚｅｎｄｅｒ干涉仪、Ｍｉｃｈｅｌｓｏｎ干涉仪和Ｆａｂｒｙ－Ｐｅｒｏｔ干涉仪。有一维的，也有二维的；有与水听器组合在一起的，也有与光纤陀螺仪组合的光纤加速度传感器。最小的已经做到２．５ｃｍ长，直径仅０．２５ｍｍ；测量精度已能达到１μｇ；共振频率可达到１０ｋＨｚ。为了克服温度不稳定性对测量精度的影响，人们采用了３×３耦合器解调法，双光路法，由单臂式改成推挽式等。一旦关键技术得以克服，光纤加速度传感器将会在惯性导航和其它领域发挥更重要的作用。本文将分别介绍目前各种类型光纤加速度传感器的结构、特点、走向实用化存在的问题。